Civil Commitment and the Mentally Ill Free Essay Example, 1250 words

There are, of course, inborn diseases, the treatment of which can last during the whole life of the individual. Medical team announces that, the earlier the patient will be educed and examined, the faster will be his recovery period. Patients with mental disorders may experience different physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral and perceptual symptoms. For example: In terms of human emotions, a person with mental disorders can feel only sadness during the long period of time or be extremely happy with no reason. It can be also revealed through the absence of the emotions. In terms of thinking, such people can face the confused dreams and violation of the logical chains, as well as the appearance of different extremely positive or negative judgments about others and about himself. In terms of behavior, the symptoms are expressed by the deviations from the socially accepted norms (sexual perversion, useless movements, compulsive actions and so forth) The insanity defense plays a great role in the system of legal accusations. The fact, that at the moment of crime, the person was not responsible for his actions, due to his psychological state, does not make the person free from the responsibility for the crime, but the methods of punishment are changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Commitment and the Mentally Ill or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The idea of insanity defense appeared in the times of ancient Greece and Rome. Since that time, it has been developed constantly. In 1724 appeared the first copy of the insanity trial. On June, 30, 1983, in state Kentucky appeared the completely new verdict in the criminal case: â€Å"guilty-but-mentally-ill†. It is considered to be the date of approval of the insanity status by the legislative system of Kentucky. The previous verdicts existed only in the status as â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"not guilty†. Nowadays the state deals with the rule of Model Penal Code. It means that the accused person should proof his insanity. This can be achieved with the help of modal penal code tests, obligatory for the proof of innocence. The success of this event was only noticed in the process of working with the specialists. The development of the psychiatry predetermined the improvement of the state of the incarcerated people. Anyway, the proces s of insanity defense was greatly criticized by many scientists. The approach of justification of the people with abnormal behavior was broke the rules of social morality. A lot of psychologists stated that the incorrect actions and mental illness were the results of the events surrounded the accused person in the past and the origin of them were predetermined by the difficult childhood.

Sports Women - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2621 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sports Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Introduction Sport is an accepted part of life. The opportunity to take part in sporting activities is a basic human right whether you are competing for trophies or playing purely for enjoyment. However many people suffer from restrictions that prevent them from taking part in sport. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sports Women" essay for you Create order It is not always the fact that people are not interested or do not want to. A number of people view sport as an activity that was somewhat forced upon them at school or something they see on television that is way beyond their capabilities. But sport is an extremely diverse quarter, involving many activities and catering for people of different shapes and sizes, levels of skill and personalities. It is well known that football in the UK is most commonly played in organised leagues on Sunday mornings. There are voluntary sports clubs enabling millions of members the chance to get involved and many more participate regularly in leisure outside a structured league or set up, whether it be a walk in the park or a kick about in the garden. The vast majority of the population in Britain however do not participate and worryingly, the activity levels in the youth, who were previously the most active division of our population, are falling drastically, in connection with the ri sing fear of an obese population. A BBC Panorama programme shown in November 2006 proved that in America, a country with more resources than most, participation levels are very low and falling. Perhaps this is why Americans are credited as being the fattest nation on earth?! There are many limitations on participation. In the past sport has been closely linked to education and many peoples only sporting experience was through compulsory and often harsh physical education lessons. For the non-sporty, obese or self-conscious, many are unfortunately put off for life. This is closely linked with both gender and ethnicity, with the worry of most teenage girls focused on looking look, rather than partaking in exercise, and for the ethnic minority to feel just as welcome to play a part as the majority. In our culture, sport has always been seen purely as a non-serious recreation; many other more important issues require attention before you turn to sport. Often at school, acad emically superior students are encouraged to move away from sport so that they can concentrate more time on their studies. Some of us in the UK must pay to play. There are requirements to pay club subscriptions, fees and facility costs, as well as providing our own equipment and kit. For some, this cost issue is enough to deter them from sport or prevent them from allowing their children to join clubs. With relation to class and money, often sports such as fox hunting and polo are available to you providing you have the upbringing and money to back your selection up. If our parents were involved in sport we are more likely to grow up with a sporting background, and if our parents or into sports the family are heavily involved in a certain sport, we are further expected to be introduced to that sport at an earlier age and in more depth. Are there decent facilities provided? Equipment? Are the facilities that allow you to participate available to you? The UK Government believes there is a shortage of facilities and those that do exist are often situated in particular areas. Living in central city areas presents injustice against you for the reason that there is little space and sometimes money provision available in that area. Equipment is also normally required, quite often expensive and those on small incomes may be discriminated against unless equipment is available free or can be hired cheaply. Is the opportunity to play there? Allowed? In the UK most committed sport takes place in voluntarily run clubs or organisations. Clubs have membership systems and are controlled by either in some cases such as golf clubs, election to the club membership or the ability to pay the fees. This then limits membership to certain members of the community. An additional consideration for the person is whether they actually have the time free to play. This problem often faces women. The pressure and demands of family and work often mean that women have little relaxation time which accounts in some way for the below average levels of female participation in sport. Are you respected enough in sport? In many cultures, society has the opinion that women should not play a part in sport, and should they do so, their input should be limited to feminine sports such as gymnastics and not male oriented sports such as football, rugby or cricket. These judgements are based on the conventional roles both women and men hold in todays society and are very hard to change. Minority groups within communities are often labelled as having certain qualities or traits which lead to them being steered into particular positions, sports or activities and away from others. An example of this is the current lack of Asian or Muslim footballers in the UK. Programmes are now being set up to make an effort and address the imbalance but the main problem is that in our common opinion; Asians are not prospective and good enough footballers. These stereotypes often lead to the people they discriminate believing the opinions are valid and thus conforming to societys view, choosing the sports that fit t hem. Gender Each year, 33% of all men participate in some form of sporting activity, whereas only 10% of women do. As women make up over 50% of the British population this points to some form of discrimination. (Sports Development UK 1999/2000) There have been many myths about women and sport and although these have now been largely banished, numerous people still hold some belief in them. McPherson, Curtis and Loy, 1984, p222, say During World War II, women played major roles in the military and civilian labour force, thus shattering myths of the fragile female. Other struggles concern time women, due to the constant everyday demands of work and family, tend to have much less spare time than men, curbing their opportunities to enjoy partaking in sport. As mentioned before, girls at a teenage age are often much more concerned with the way they look without makeup on in PE lessons, or in their unflattering sports kit. Nearly a quarter of women say that PE at school put them off spor t for life, (Womens Sport and Fitness Foundation 2007). They are self-conscious with the way they look, particularly when growing as everyone develops at a different rate. Less developed girls are more likely to skip sport and exercise should they know they are going to feel embarrassed around more developed girls their own age. However Brown 1985, p225 states that the processes of withdrawal for adolescent swimmers include a decreasing importance in ones self-identity suggesting that adolescent girls are put off sport in other ways. However times are changing. According to Coakley (2001) p203, there are numerous reasons why we are experiencing increased participation amongst women and girls in sport. To name a few, it states that more females are interested and joining in with exercise because: Equal rights legislations have been passed meaning there is no longer such a drastic gender divide. The debate for equal winning cash prizes at Wimbledon for both men and women is an example of the rise of womens power in sport. Expanding health and fitness culture we live in a world where fitness an body image are determining what we eat and wear and the need to keep up to date mean people are now taking more of an interest in diet and exercise than they did years ago. There is increasing sports coverage of feminine sports and women role models within sport. Even the most casual observer has noticed that women receive less sports coverage from the press, radio, or television for their sport involvement. (Hilliard 1984) If you were to take a random look at the BBC SPORT website you would see a range of sports advertised now concerning both women and male athletes. This would have been unheard of a number of years ago. The site would have been dominated by male participation as that had the most visual and audible coverage elsewhere. The womens football world cup was broadcast live on national television and Ellen MacArthur is now a household famous name because of her achievements in her sport. Ellen MacArthur, www.gettyimages.co.uk Womens Sport and Fitness Foundation Founded in 1984, it is the only organisation in the UK that is solely committed to improving and promoting opportunities for women and girls in sport at every level. Research done by the Womens Sports Foundation, finds that: Nearly a quarter of women say that PE at school put them off sport. And 9 out of 10 women believe there is too much pressure to be thin and that a quarter of women agree that they hate the way they look when they exercise and play sport. (Womens Sports Foundation, 2008) Class The upper classes have by tradition had the most relaxation time which they filled with fashionable sports such as hunting. The middle class modernized sports and made their own rules. The lower working class were allowed to participate in sport, but only after they had finished their work so filling the role as the spectator. Gruneau (1975) p 183, suggests that modern sport actually contributes to the reinforcement of class distinctions. By emphasising the classes associated with different sports and the public being put off playing sports because of the class they are associated with, we give in to this type of discrimination. For some, this cost issue is enough to prevent them from sport or avoid them from allowing their children to join clubs. With relation to class and money, often sports such as fox hunting and polo are available to you providing you have the upbringing and money to back your selection up. If our parents were involved in sport we are more likely to grow up with a sporting background, and if our parents or into sports the family are heavily involved in a certain sport, we are further expected to be introduced to that sport at an earlier age and in more depth. Class is a major problem in introducing children to new sports. As the most common way of being introduced to a sport is at school, kids at state schools will never be able to play polo, go rowing or other sports such as shooting and even rugby. Whereas should you be of the right class to send your children to public schools then they are able to partake in such sports. Rugby has been a major and popular sport in the UK where the different forms of the game have been associated with class. Rugby has two forms, union and league with union being mostly played by upper class gentlemen and league played by the working and middle class. Race/ Ethnicity The UK is a multicultural nation, which a enormous mixture of races. A major discriminator in the world of sport is the colour of someones skin and is a topic where stereotypes dominate peoples opinions. During some periods of history, members of specific ethnic groups have tended to dominate particular sports. At other times, members of certain ethnic groups have experienced discrimination within sport settings (The Social Significance of Sport p. 208) Sporting Equals The Commission for Racial Equality has introduced with Sport England a national initiative entitled Sporting Equals. This aims to promote racial equality in sport throughout England. (Sport England 2007) Kick Racism out of Football Show Racism the Red Card Campaigns to encourage Black footballers in football, and kick racism out of sport. It is supported worldwide in various sports such as rugby, basketball and football, especially in the Barclays Premiership. Alongside these two campaigns there is th e Racial Equality Charter for Sport. This is a public pledge signed by leaders of sport, committing them to use their influence to create a world of sport in which all people can take part without facing a racial discrimination of any kind. Racism is a problem we face in all walks of life, not just sport. It is a particular problem in the workplace or in schools. With relation to PE, it is often not just children that are guilty of racist abuse. Many teachers have been accused of favouring white students instead of ethnic students when it comes to choosing teams in lessons or for selection for school teams. This has led to ethnic children thinking they are not good enough and show little future interest in sport. Chu and Griffey, 1982, suggest that little if any permanent change in attitudes or prejudices occurs from participating on an interracial team. The people who discriminate against black people or those of an ethnic minority are those who have dealt with the minor ity and choose to accept the societal view that the ethnics, with lack if numbers comes lack of talent or ability. Age The age group with the greatest participation in sport used to be the 16-24 year olds, with over 60%. Above this age the rate drops dramatically only 16% of people over 60 or more take part in any exercise. In todays society, sport is definitely aimed at the young. Events such as the Masters Football Tournaments and the Golden Olympics are attempting to make sport a lifetime activity. Ability Your ability in a particular sport can also be a discriminator. Most clubs teams allow only the most talented players, often selected through trials, to play. Those who are not particularly talented are left with few alternatives. In some sports such as football, it may be possible for less able players to join a lower league such as Sunday morning pub football and rugby clubs often rub social teams. In schools this is particularly a problem for teachers or coaches. Who do you pick for the school team the best talented players, or do you give all those who attend practices or show an interest a chance? People with disabilities have, until recently, had little opportunity to take part in sport. Nearly all the facilities were built before the nineties were built sorely for the able bodied. Prospects for disabled sportsmen and women are now growing and all new sports facilities offer access for people of all abilities. The sports have played a huge and important role in th is and events like wheelchair basketball and the Paralympics have helped disabled athletes partake in sport. Organisations such as the British Paralympic Association and the British Sports Association for the Disabled encourage sport for the disabled but they remain a minority and only in a few sports such as bowls can disabled people participate on a level basis as able bodied competitors. I dont think women will ever totally mimic male athletes, not because they are morally superior but because of sexism. We wont allow women the same degree of freedom Mary Jo Kane, Director of the Tucker Centre for Research on Girls and Women in Sport (2000) Sport for all Campaign Set up in 1972, the campaign highlights the importance of sport and the fact that it is something to which all members of the community are allowed equal access to. It primarily hoped to increase the opportunities for sport by developing extra and better facilities and educating the public on what was on offer to them. More recently however it has targeted groups of the community that remain under-represented in sport. They have been assisted in the set-up of other campaigns such as 50+ aimed at older people and Whats your Sport? aimed at women

Evolutionary Theory Climate Change On Evolution - 899 Words

Evolutionary Theory: Climate Change on Evolution Evolution is the process of change that occurs in the traits of a population of a species over many years. At the molecular level, dissimilarities of an individual’s genes, known as the genotype, result in the change of their physical characteristics, or phenotype. There are three main driving forces that trigger evolution in a population. Those three include: natural selection, change in the gene pool through mating, and genetic variation between individual species. In this work, I will be explaining how environmental factors, such as climate change, causes individual species to experience these three factors and eventually result in evolution and the development of traits that will help them adapt to their habitat. Zhenhua Lou, Mian Zhao, and several other anthropologists conducted a study of the effects of climate change on the Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys of the Shennongjia area, China. These species, classified as Rhinopithec us roxellana, were examined at the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve because it represented the most eastern population region for this specie. In order to estimate the presumed future distribution of this species, the scientists examined eco-geographic factors including bio-climate habitat (vegetation type, land cover, etc.) and topography of the natural reserved land. These experts used a maximum entropy approach to predict the location distribution of habitats suitable for R. roxella in theShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Phenomenon And A Collector Of Specimen Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesand animals that were similar on different islands with similar climates, so he decided to study them more closely for future study. With the studies Charles Darwin obtained, he published his first work, â€Å"The Origin of Species.† In this book he explained how for millions of years animals and plants have evolved to better help their existence. Charles Darwin, who was the British Naturalist, became famous for his theories of evolution. Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved over millions ofRead MoreClimate Change : The Fossil Record844 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Anthropogenic influences are causing dramatic changes to environmental conditions worldwide. Global mean temperatures are predicted to increase between 0.3 °C to 4.8 °C by the end of the century (IPCC 2014). Precipitation averages are decreasing, polar icecaps are melting, carbon dioxide levels are rising, and oceans are acidifying. Populations must adapt to the new conditions or face extinction. Changes in environmental conditions have occurred throughout earth’s long history, thoughRead MoreEssay about Human Evolution and Adaptation637 Words   |  3 PagesOver the course of evolution, humans have evolved to adapt the ever-changing conditions to improve their chances of surviving. Is there still room for natural evolution or has the time come for us to use our technological innovations and further our development beyond previously thought possible by biological means. Past trends have shown that as time has passed, significant body structures have changed to counteract the changes to our environment. The changes that have been most significant are:Read MoreEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution983 Words   |  4 PagesMost things in science all eventually lead back to one thing, evolution. Evolution has been an interesting topic since mankind could wrap its mind around the concept. Whether one believes in it or not, it is hard to deny the cold hard facts that back up how every being has changed from its original form of life. From plants to humans, everything has adapted and evolved to be able to adjust to climate changes, habitats disappearing, and new predators. All it takes is for one mutated gene to get aRead MoreEvolution : A Scientific Theory1625 Words   |  7 PagesScience Education, evolution is a scientific theory that explains the emergence of new varieties of living things in the past and in the present. Evolution accounts for the striking patterns of similarities and differences among living things over time and across habitats throug h the action of biological processes such as natural selection, mutation, symbiosis, gene transfer, and genetic drift. 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Alters, I learned that evolution not only unifies all the areas of science but also permeates into other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, literature, and the arts. It has had an extensive and expensive impact on human thought. â€Å"Evolution explains the why of nature and has practical considerations that affects day-to-day life†( Brain J, 36). For example, we need evolution to understand bacterial resistance toRead MoreWhat is Evolution? You might think of evolution as a mutational problem, which fits with the1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Evolution? You might think of evolution as a mutational problem, which fits with the situation but it is not just that. Evolution is actually the change that appears to happen in a certain population over time. When I say the word â€Å"population† I am saying it is a group of the same species that happens to share the same specific location and habitat. Evolutionary changes often occur all the time near the genetic level. What I am actua lly saying is that evolution is a process that will resultRead MoreEssay on Physical Anthropology: The Link between Human Nature914 Words   |  4 Pages Physical anthropology â€Å"is in large part, human biology seen from an evolutionary perspective† (Jurmaln, Kilgore Trevathan, 2011). By this statement, I believe the authors mean that physical anthropology studies human biology with an evolutionary viewpoint rather than a scientific or medical viewpoint. Anthropology, as a broader science, is concerned with and studies human culture and the evolutionary aspects of human biology. Since culture affects human beings and human beings affect cultureRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in su pport of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus established the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spirit

Friendship Between Hamlet And Horatio - 1330 Words

One will be hard-pressed to find true friendship and loyalty in Shakespeare’s masterpieces, especially in his tragedies. Various characters seem to be close friends with the main character in the beginning of plays but usually reveal their true opinions on them or disappear because of their lack of loyalty. The friendship between Horatio and Hamlet lasts longer because the two of them love each other in accordance with their merit. There are three types of friendship, according to Aristotle. The first type of friendship based on utility. In this type of friendship, both individuals get some sort of benefit from their friend. The second type of friendship is based on pleasure. Here, both individuals are drawn to the other’s personality,†¦show more content†¦Since my dear soul was mistress of her choice And could of men distinguish, her election Hath seald thee for herself, for thou hast been— As one in suffering all that suffers nothing— A man that Fortune’s buffets and rewards Hast taen with equal thanks. (III.ii.63-68) Hamlet explains his reasoning for befriending Horatio and how it is because of his ways. He gives praise to Horatio for being rational explains his gratitude for everything in his life. Hamlet seems to know that Horatio is more logical and thoughtful, but not drastically pensive like himself. Because of these differences in personalities, Hamlet relies a lot more on Horatio than Horatio does on Hamlet, making the friendship one-sided. Throughout the tragedy, the characters spend a lot of time betraying one another for their own gain. Characters such as Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Claudius, and Gertrude, are not loyal to Hamlet. The only exception would be Horatio, who is Hamlets trusted friend. When we first see Horatio, he is called upon by the castle guards to explain the ghost which they had just encountered. Horatio is a discerning and intelligent man, and the appearance of this ghost makes him deeply uneasy. Horatio is not afraid to speak his mind to Hamlet, either. When Hamlet first meets the ghost, Horatio makes it clear that Hamlets choice to follow the ghost in hopes of learning the reason for its appearance is ill-advised.Show MoreRelatedFriendship Between Horatio And Hamlet1000 Words   |  4 Pagestrue friendship and loyalty in Shakespeare’s masterpieces, especially in his tragedies. Various characters seem to be close friends with the main character in the beginning of plays but usually reveal their true opinions on them or disappear because of their lack of loyalty. 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The old king of Denmark has died and he has returned as a ghost to inform his son, who is also named Hamlet, of the ter rible misfortune that has befallen him and left Denmark in a political and emotionalRead MoreEssay on The Perfect Friend; A Character Review of Horatio1343 Words   |  6 Pages4:9-12. This type of friendship is hard to come by. In the world renowned play written by Shakespeare entitled, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark this exact friendship is demonstrated throughout the play. The play is about a prince that returns to the castle to attend his father’s funeral only to discover his mother has remarried to the king’s brother in a very short time. The ghost of Hamlet’s father led to Hamlet displaying acts of insanity which is kept in check by his loyal friend Horatio. Most people haveRead MoreHamlet: Critical Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pageshave you come to understand about the intense human relationships of Hamlet? 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Reading the play and looking at it through a contemporary lenses, one can assume the title character is homosexual. Even though Shakespeare does not mean for hamlet to be a homosexual, a contemporary reader can assume this argument; through Hamlet’s characterization and misogynistic relations. Hamlet social aspects has an apparent fluctuation, ever since he encountered his father’s ghostRead MoreFriendships : Themes Relationships In William Shakespeares Hamlet1273 Words   |  6 PagesRelationships Hamlet has many relationships which shape the outcome of the story. The key alliances become the way the stories told. The link between Rosencrantz and Guildenstern help shape the way hamlets friendship with them ends. Not every relationship will work out. If some of the friendships did not go wrong then there would not be an exciting play to watch. The relationships also help bring the story line of the play. The play revolves around alliances of characters. Hamlet does not trust

Arguments For And Against Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The human organic structure has ever needed energy -food – for the most of import and critical twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. A major function for the production of the energy which keeps us feasible and in gesture is carried out by the Sun. The importance of the Sun as an energy supplier was underlined by Stephen ( 1977 ) : â€Å" The Sun provides these nutrients, or bio-fuels, that maintain us alive, and fossil fuels are in a sense stored bio-fuels, for they were populating organisms eons ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguments For And Against Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Carbon is the chief denominator of bio-fuels, somehow a by-product of the sunshine is derived from biomass or bio-waste. The full biomass or bio-waste like renewable bio-fuels as methane, organic waste and liquid fuels are abundant in C. This essay will see the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing bio-fuels and it chiefly will mention to renewable biomass or bio-waste. Finally, this survey will weigh and reason if the utilizing of bio-fuels is worth the attempt. We live in a universe where dodo fuels – coal and oil – are critical for heat, transit and electricity. The issue which concerns us the most is the fact that we are traveling necessarily to run out someplace in the hereafter. We can non afford 1000000s of old ages until the nature provides us with new militias of coal and oil, hence the solution would be to utilize bio-fuels on a current footing. The most effectual reply to the energy deficit which lies in forepart of us is the renewable energy, for case solar, tidal, air current, geothermic and hydraulic power. The energy beginnings mentioned above are cost effectual and for the most portion environment friendly, besides that we are ne’er traveling to wash up the sunshine or the air current for the simple fact that those resources are of course replenished which makes this solution a lasting one. Furthermore, as Kruger ( 2006 ) stated â€Å" Biomass ( and the bio-energy obtained from it ) comes from agribusiness. † There is an copiousness of workss from which we can bring forth bio-energy. The most common substances known for their bio-energy bring forthing belongingss are starch and peat. We can pull out amylum from workss such as murphies, rice, maize and manioc ; these workss are known for their cost-efficient production and they can be found in about every corner of the planet being cultivated by work forces from a really long clip. In writer ‘s sentiment peat can be more effectual – cost effectual, for the simple ground that it is found in the nature, compared to the amylum which is a by-product of a cultivated works – than amylum in the production of bio-fuels for it can be found on a really big graduated table around the universe. Harmonizing to the World Energy Council ( 2007 ) † [ aˆÂ ¦ ] the entire country of peat lands approach es 3 million kmA? , or about 2 % of the entire land surface † . Nevertheless, there are many other workss from which we can bring forth bio-fuels, particularly for transit. The most well-known bio-fuel used for transit is the bio-ethanol produced from amylum, saccharose ( a by-product extracted from sugar cane and sugar Beta vulgaris ) , lactose and cellulose. The most of import advantage of the bio-ethanol is that besides the fact that this bio-fuel assures the handiness of fuel for transit in the hereafter, it makes an tremendous part for the restriction of C dioxide emanations. For illustration, as Guderjahn in Handbook of Fuels edited by Elvers ( 2008 ) states that bio-ethanol â€Å" [ aˆÂ ¦ ] engines have been utilized in coachs that have been used for more than 15 old ages by the municipal transit companies in Sweden [ aˆÂ ¦ ] . The figure of ethanol-fuelled coachs in the state is around 400. † Furthermore, another beginning exploited for the production of bio-fuel is carnal and human waste such as animate being droppings, municipal waste and sewerage. These wastes by the procedure of anaerobiotic digestion – in absence of the O – are transformed into methane gas, fuel used chiefly for heating. Its benefits are incontestible, for it replaces coal, the limited dodo fuel. In add-on, the production of biogas can ease remotion of the human waste and litter from the sewerage systems and landfills around the major metropoliss. On the other manus, the production of bio-fuels has some drawbacks refering the environment, wellness, safety and energy ingestion. Equally far as refering the air current power energy, disadvantages that chiefly bears on the air current Millss such as noise pollution, falling blades and structural jobs caused by the quivers leads to injury and damage to the milieus and sometimes to employees who are working on the building and care. In add-on, air current Millss interfere with the flight waies of birds impacting their migratory wonts. There are many other environmental and economic facets sing renewable energy, such as fish migration and wellness that are affected by the temperature alterations of H2O armored combat vehicles used to bring forth electricity by hydraulic power. Furthermore, the building of tidal power workss sometimes can raise inquiry Markss sing the highly high costs and the electrical end product generated. Geothermal energy production installations can take to set down remission and pollution caused by the S and ammonia thrown into the waste H2O. Sing the usage of biomass to bring forth bio-energy scientists underlined some specific jobs, such as: wellness, safety, air pollution and the big sum of energy ingestion for the aggregation of biomass. Ih-Liu ( 1998 ) gave an illustration: â€Å" Yunnan Province, in Xuan Wei County in China, has the highest rate of lung malignant neoplastic disease in China for both its male and female populations. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] In 1982, [ aˆÂ ¦ ] scientists discovered that polycyclic organic compounds were being released from coal and wood-fired ranges [ aˆÂ ¦ ] which are carcinogens, are byproducts of uncomplete combustion of the biomass [ aˆÂ ¦ ] † . This assignment has explained the instance for and against the usage of bio-fuels. One of the of import thoughts within this essay is that in the hereafter the planet will run out of the widespread dodo fuels-coal and oil-utilized for about everything that puts world in gesture. Despite the fact that in the future bio-fuels are traveling to be produced on big graduated table whether if they are harmful or non, there are many advantages of utilizing renewable energy. The most of import advantage is the fact that the Earth will ne’er run out of ego replenished natural resources supplied by nature. From this point of position, the most of import assignment for the specializers and scientists working in this field should be to happen out how to fudge the negative facets of utilizing bio-fuels. How to cite Arguments For And Against Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Effects Of Age On Rate Of False Recognitionâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain on Effects Of Age On Rate Of False Recognition? Answer: Publish Introduction Memory is a cognitive, information-processing system which enables us to store and retrieve information over time (Zimbardo, Johnson, Hamilton, 2014). Although our memories are normally quite reliable, it is known that sometimes our memories can be susceptible to various kinds of errors and distortions (Konkle, Brady, Alvarez, 2012). For example, Gras et al., (2011) found that when presenting participants with lists of thematically-related words with a critical but unpresented lure (e.g., the words thread, pin, eye, sewing, sharp, and point are presented, but not the critical associated word needle) participants would falsely recall the critical lure. A more recent study by Gras et al., (2011) used this sort of test (called the DRM paradigm) to establish that older adults are more likely to falsely recall the critical lure than younger adults. Based on past findings, the present study attempts to replicate the finding that older adults are more susceptible to false memories by using lists of words and a recognition test. The experimental hypothesis predicts that older participants will have a higher rate of false recognition than younger participants while the null hypothesis predicts that there will be no difference in the rate of false recognition between older and younger adults. The experiment employed a between-participants design. The independent variable was older and younger adults and the dependent variable was the number of false recognized words. Participants Twenty adults aged 22 to 61 years with a mean age of 40 years, were randomly assigned (10 each) to one of two experimental conditions. The range of young participants was 22 to 30 while older was 50 to 61 years. All participants had good English skills. Materials/Apparatus Signed consent form Instruction sheet List of words for memorization Response sheets Excel files for participants information and calculation of means and t-scores Pen for writing down list of words. Procedure Participants were asked their ages and then assigned to either older or younger adults category. Instruction were given to them and their understanding ensured. Before the test consent were obtained. Participants were presented with related words where they were supposed to listen and after the reading of the words, each participant was supposed to write down as many words as possible they could remember from the list on the response sheet. The false recognized words from each participant were then recorded by the experimenter on the t-test excel sheet. Results Table 1 below shows the mean scores for the older and younger adults. The older adults got a mean score of 4.30 which was higher as compared to the younger adults with a mean score of 2.00. Table 1: Mean number of falsely recognized words Participant age group Number of falsely recognised words Older adults 4.30 Younger adults 2.00 Results of an independent sample t-test between younger adults and older adults were t(18) = 3.737, p=.05 for a two-tailed hypothesis (Appendix E). The table of critical values of t (Appendix F) for the corresponding degrees of freedom (df) gave a value of 2.101, which is lower than that of the calculated t-value in comparison. This shows that there is a statistically considerable difference between the two experimental groups. Based on this result, there is enough evidence to accept the experimental hypothesis and the null hypothesis is consequently rejected. Discussion This study aimed to investigate the effect of age in false recognition of related words among adults. The results of mean scored and independent sample t-test shows a significant difference between the younger and older adults in terms of the number of false recognized words among them. This endorsed the experimental hypothesis which declared that age has an influence in false recognition among adults and identifies with Cann, McRae Katz (2011) which showed that older adults are more vulnerable as compared to younger adults to false recognition. A study done by Gras et al., (2011) maintains that false recognition is affected by age greatly and found that older adults were more likely to fall on the trap of false recognition compared to younger adults. However, the study also states that as much as older adults were more likely to give a false recognition the study also shows that the number of non-false recognition among younger and older adults were almost of equal number and there was no significant difference among them. The results extend the domain of robust false recognition to detailed color pictures and demonstrate that, particularly in older adults, false recognition sometimes involves similarity-based errors rather than source confusions regarding whether specific lure items had been presented or were generated spontaneously during the study task. In conclusion, word recognition is an important task of our memories and false recognition is expected from all ages, this is supported by Cann, McRae Katz (2011) which states that as much as older adults are prone to false recognition of words even younger adults also fall in the trap of false recognition of words. References Cann, D. R., McRae, K., Katz, A. N. (2011). False recall in the Deese- Roediger-McDermott paradigm the roles of gist and associative strength. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(8), 1-33. Gras, D., Tardieu, H., Piolino, P., Nicolas, S. (2011). Presentation modality effect on false memories in younger and older adults: the use of an inference paradigm. 19(1), 92-102. Konkle, T., Brady, T. F., Alvarez, G. A. (2012). Conceptual distinctiveness supports detailed visual long-term memory for real-world objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 558578. Norman, K. A., Schacter, D. L. (n.d.). False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories. Memory Cognition, 25(6), 838-848.

Analysis of Continuum by Allen Curnow Essay Example For Students

Analysis of Continuum by Allen Curnow Essay Continuum, by Allen Curnow, is a unique poem that explores very interesting themes regarding writing and thought. The poem revolves around a poets inability to find inspiration and ideas for a poem and highlights themes like Poetic Inspiration, Writers block and the ebb and flow of thought.  Poetic inspiration is an essential part of writing poetry and in Continuum, Curnow attempts to get his motivation from the environment and the night sky. He conveys the necessity for poetic inspiration very effectively through his own desperate attempt to find ideas and inspiration Writers block, the condition of being unable to think of what to write or how to proceed with writing, is a compelling issue faced by many writers. In Continuum, we get a glimpse of what it really is like. This is a major problem for Curnow as he struggles to find ideas for his poem.  The final theme of the ebb and flow of thought is beautifully portrayed in the Continuum where the poet acquires ideas but they swiftly slip away with the change of his mood. It implies the mercurial quality of mind and shows the quick discovery and disappearance of thoughts. The title, Continuum, suggests a tedious, unrelenting cycle; an unceasing, arduous series which is the process of writing a poem. It is the acquisition and the abating of ideas that goes on again and again. The title is very fitting and a good exposition to the poem.  The structure of Continuum tends to reflect the content of it. The absence of a rhyme scheme shows disorganization and vagueness of the poet’s thoughts. Curnow also uses the technique, enjambment, wherein the last line of a verse runs into the first line of the next verse. This shows discontinuity and unsteadiness in his thoughts. The overall structure of continuum adds to the theme of writer’s block and to the ebb and flow of thought. The literary devices that Curnow uses in Continuum are potent and effective. Curnow uses a lot of imagery: â€Å"the moon rolls over the roof and falls behind†. It provides a creative vision that strikes as poetic and imaginative. However, he breaks the poetry with a confession that it is simply himself rolling off the roof. This facilitates a contrast between his artistic soul and his practical self and also illustrates the theme of writer’s block.  He also uses tactile imagery in â€Å"the chill of the planking underfoot rises†. The imagery reiterates his failure as a cold and sinister feeling that sends him retreating after his disappointment. He uses alliteration in the 2nd verse in â€Å"better barefoot it out†. This creates a poetic effect that comes and goes with his unsteady stream of thought. Curnow uses the sky as a metaphor for his mind, which is a very long and continued metaphor. The moon represents his thoughts and hence it rolls off the roof to illustrate its inconsistency, the â€Å"bright, dusted clouds† are his ideas that float around in his head. The wind is his mood that blows this way or that, taking the ideas with them. The usage of the sky as a metaphor for his mind insinuates the theme of poetic inspiration. Curnow also uses metaphors in the last verse to communicate his failure in finding inspiration. â€Å"Picks up his litter and his tools†. The litter is a metaphor for his failed ideas and his tools are a metaphor for his mind that analyses the ideas. This emphasizes his defeat due to lack of substantial inspiration.  Overall, I feel that Allen Curnow has infused many profound themes in Continuum very effectively. His effective use and of title, structure and literary devices all accentuate the themes and make them very powerful.

Yerma by Federico Lorca Essay Example

Yerma by Federico Lorca Essay Yerma by Federico Lorca has been described by critics as One of the modern pinnacles of modern poetic drama that realises unknown aspirations and yearnings. To create these definitive themes truly anchored in the depths of the play the dreams desires and more importantly cravings have to be accentuated through lighting, set design, props, and most importantly the creation by the actors on stage. This essay discusses the approaches I intend to take to create the relevant atmospheres and themes to draw out the crucial themes and imagery. The opening scene is very specific to the stage directions but there are certain changes I would adopt. In exchange for a strange dreamlike light I would have a bright accusing light, and in particularly a spotlight of a different colour on Yerma to symbolise her difference from everyone else, in her inability to conform to the Spanish familiar lifestyle, making her an indirect and an unwilling revolutionary. The bright light would shine on Yerma whilst the rest of the stage would be lit gentler, again, highlighting her individual difference and her break away from normality. The lights should be dusky shades of reds and oranges (dry, barren and earth tones) in the background, symbolising a long landscape of barrenness, the idea of eternal dryness and nothing. The spotlight on Yerma would be a bright white light, symbolising her own fertility and her own desires, but the spotlight acting as a barrier and preventing her from escaping the eternal prison of her own cravings, and the taunt of the life outside still a continual dry existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Yerma by Federico Lorca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Yerma by Federico Lorca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Yerma by Federico Lorca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Though the spotlight would dim, I would like to hold a spotlight on her throughout the whole of the first scene to symbolise her mental prison, and her enclosed thoughts that yearn for children, which would occasionally get brighter in moment of womanly desires or direct relation to her fertility. I would keep the shepherds entrance with the child, as a symbolism of the theme of children, and the Shepard to present the era of the play. The stage itself would be set in the country side. There would be a stunted and under grown tree stretching up towards the sun, as if to reach for nutrients, a true reflection of Yermas pleas to witchcraft and her God to impregnate her. A dusty track would lead out into the distance of the set to show the eternal and monotonous lifestyle of the Spanish culture, the idea you follow one particular path and one particular routine till you die. It can also be used to express the strength of the barrenness, the lack of anything that could aid Yerma or women in Spanish society. Marius Romero staged a successful performance of Yerma in London and insisted that two necessary parts of the set was a pool of water to reinforce the contrast between purification and regeneration. The water is a symbol of a truly natural and earthy source, which would be positioned away from Yerma, as a taunt and a trick to show her unnatural inability to produce children. The other key area was a popular building in previous centuries called stark buildings. These are exceedingly inaccessible buildings, with little chance for entrance of escape and can be spotted in some of Dalis work. This would symbolise the oppression of woman in Spanish society, and the idea that everyday life could not touch them, in these cold dark prisons which usually took the form of their homes. The general colours of the set would be oranges and yellows, dry colours posing as warm and comforting, but really a true symbolism of Yermas eternal despair. Apart from the tree and the pool of water and Yermas sewing basket which she would keep as a symbol of her position in society, the rest of the stage would be bare as yet another accentuation of the theme of barren that constantly runs significantly throughout the play. At the very opening instead of just having the clock strike, I would have a slow monotonous continual ticking throughout the Shepards and childs time on stage. Coinciding with that I would have the sounds of a group of children playing, shouting and running quietly in the background. As the child touched Yerma that clock would begin to tick louder and quicker, and the childrens voices would rise in a steep crescendo. The clock is used as an important symbol of a womans bodily clock, menstrual cycle and Yermas personal lack of time. The pace would quicken to symbolise that her time was running out, then the whole noise would reach a peak and stop extremely suddenly and abruptly to emphasise Yermas swift drop back from her subconscious being splayed through her dream, to her desperate reality. I would adapt the song being sung offstage to having a child singing it standing directly in front of her, that she just sees through, as a symbolism of her greatest craving being directly in front of her, perhaps if she was not so faithful to Juan. The mood starts unsteadily and eerily, the expression of Yermas desire is at one of its peak moments, as her subconscious interferes into her dreams, crossing over from reality. On stage I would have the actress having a reaction to more of a nightmare, sharp, quick tortured movements that disturb her, and display the idea of her craving being so much to the extreme that it is physical pain. The dialogue and mood drops into a domesticated routine between what at first appearances could be misconceived as a happy and considerate partnership between man and wife. As Yerma broaches the subject of children, I would have the lights slightly dimmed and tinted with red as a symbolism of a dangerous subject. I would have Juan turning away, occupying himself with a pointless activity with a mixed expression of misery and anger. The mood would rise into high tension as these two stubborn characters face a head on collision, the looks that pass between them of irritation and Yermas over exaggerated affection towards Juan would appear false and forced, symbolising a marriage in crisis. When Yerma meets Maria the mood changes into a whole new sheet of emotions. Admiration and fierce stabs of jealousy swamp Yerma at the news Maria is expecting a baby. Her fascination manages to override her bitterness, and this would be shown by a lot of physical contact with Maria in an attempt to closen herself to the baby she craves as her own. She is directed to act queasy and faintly, to emphasise the growth of her cravings, as they extend out of her control. On stage, the actress would turn away from Maria, appearing physically ill. For this sector I would have the lights tinted with green as the stereotypical colour of jealousy, and the children noises of play repeated softly in the background as a taunt to Yerma. The mood then changes drastically again into a high level of unspoken sexual tension between Yerma and Victor as Yerma recognises a companion and a soul mate in Victor, at his agreement of the need of a child. The air takes on a dangerous and forbidden sense that I would have the actors edging uncomfortably away from each other, avoiding standing too close, looks being held longer than necessary and Juans nervous conversation may hold a stutter as if to hold back what he truly wants to say. The lights would be pink to accentuate the unspoken passion and the continual spotlight on Yerma would brighten significantly, to symbolise her womanliness and desperate fertility. In 1936 Lorca is quoted in saying Theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair. Poetry and song are main focuses in the opening scene and Lorca got his inspiration from traditional Spanish songs and narrative Ballads. The scenes first dialogue takes the form of a song, which gives the impression of a nursery rhyme. The use of Nana gives the idea of a child speaking it, and the song should be sung using a child like voice and developed into a chant so it holds an edge of mocking to taunt Yerma. Yermas first song holds a large amount of imagery that relates directly to childbirth and fertility. For example Let the fountains leap, and the river run. This is another reference to water and its neutrality and the expected and natural flow of a river. Before she sings she is directed to stroke her stomach, this is an accurate stage direction as it allows the audience to visibly see the strength of her cravings and the stretch of her imagination that allows her to fall just before the brink of insanity. I would direct Yerma to sing the song directly to the unborn child she is stroking and perhaps hug herself as if she is in on her own private secret. I would wish her to display the characteristics of a truly pregnant woman, to emphasise the fact that her subconscious could force Yerma into the idea that she is really pregnant. The song gives an air of fantasy and hysteria to the play, and provides an insight into Yermas capabilities in her imagination. At the closing of the scene Yerma repeats a verse from the original song, as Victor has just refreshed her desire for a real family, as her subconscious reacts to Victors presence. We see Yerma being physically affected by her dazed movements and appearance at the end of the scene, her fixation into space may be her visualising her dream of children and subconsciously, Victor. Throughout the songs the spotlight would brighten, due to the direct links to fertility. The moods are much defined throughout the opening scenes and changes smoothly, with the songs acting as mood shifter so any atmosphere can be created between dialogues. In conclusion the main moods that I would aim to direct across significantly are desperation, unwilling, insanity and jealousy. The clearly defined sectors of the scene allow the use of colour in lighting as a symbol of the particular message being portrayed. The scene has themes firmly indented which need to be portrayed through acting skills in particular, other wise the whole objective and meaning of the play is lost. Lorca was quoted to say A poet must be a professor of the five bodily senses and as Yerma has been described as A tragic poem in three acts and six scenes I believe Lorca wanted the audience to have to use all their senses too, and for the creation on stage to enable the audience to do that.